Clue from nature AD 1453

Ice cores: a large northern eruption in 1453 (eVolv2k version 4)

eVolv2k v4 (Sigl and Toohey 2024): eruption year 1453, month unknown, about 10 Tg of sulfur into the stratosphere, 24.8 kg/km2 sulfate in Greenland against 5.1 in Antarctica (asymmetry 0.83), so a Northern Hemisphere source. Separate from Kuwae 1458 (33 Tg). Sulfur isotopes show it reached the stratosphere. Dated against the 1477 Veidivotn ash layer in Greenland (Abbott et al. 2021).

How it connects

This clue from nature is a clue for The mystery eruption of 1452/53 and the omens at the fall of Constantinople

This clue from nature we read it in Sigl and Toohey 2024, Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, eVolv2k version 4 (256 eruptions from ice cores), PANGAEA

This clue from nature is explained by Sulfur isotopes: the 1453 volcano was outside the tropics, near or upwind of Greenland refines the ice-core signal: northern extratropical, smaller stratospheric load